Calvin and Human Freedom - 1700 Words

Historically, theologians and philosophers have struggled to agree on the ideas of human freedom. This struggle seems to stem from the debate over faith vs. reason, or the internal and external sources that lead to human thought and understanding, through which free will is then interpreted and carried out by means of the will. A hidden and constant strive for spiritual enlightenment has always been embedded within humans since the beginning of the Fall. Through this natural drive of pursuing spiritual enlightenment comes the creation of the road to which it leads. Throughout most of time, religion has taken the reigns of showing humans the road to salvation, externally, by means of scripture, which requires faith. Yet in the past, there have been times when the powers of evil have inevitably hijacked religion, turning those who have witnessed or experienced this treachery against external values based on faith, but rather internally based values by means of philosophical thought and reasoning through God’s gift of grace. Calvin’s view on an external, faith-based religion encompasses ideas of double-predestination and the rejection of free will, and man’s ability to choose the good through His grace. In comparison, the Mu’tazilites view on an internal and logically reasoned religion encompasses ideas of the gift of free will, and focuses on His justice through which all is meant for good. The ideals that surround these two belief systems lay on opposite ends of theShow MoreRelatedJohn Calvins Teachings Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstood by Calvin. Third, I will discuss the purpose of reprobation. So what is the basis of Calvin’s view of predestination? It would be most simply stated that predestination is the doctrine that before God created humankind God chose some for eternal life and sentenced others to eternal damnation. At the core of the argument is Calvin’s view of predestination as completely unconditional in nature. Some have viewed this as unreasonable, but to Calvin it is abundantly gracious. Calvin seems to sayRead MoreWithout freedom it is impossible to make moral choice’ Discuss.928 Words   |  4 PagesKant, a soft determinist, said that in order to make a moral decision we must have freedom. Kant believed that the ability to make moral decisions lay within the existence of freedom; stating that if we are not free to make our own decisions those decisions could not be moral as we were never free to make that decision in the first place. Kant thought that a person could be blamed for an action if they could have acted differently; for exam ple if a person’s family is held at gunpoint and they areRead MoreThe Colonial Period Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pages The Colonial period is abundant in its source of influential people who help shape present society through questioning past beliefs. Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin expands on the idea of predestination. The Puritans live strictly by the word of the Bible, and the Quakers inspire many people to join them in their friendly lifestyle. All of these people contribute to our society today and brave the face of adversity. Martin Luther, born in 1483, comes from a poor upbringingRead MoreJohn Calvin on Gods Divine Providence Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Calvin on Gods Divine Providence In John Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion he spends a great deal of time expounding his doctrine of Gods Divine providence in all of creation. He explains not only how God continually governs the laws of nature, but also how God governs mans actions and intentions to bring about His own Divine Will. Calvin believes that Gods providence is so encompassing in creation that even a mans own actions, in many ways, are decreed by God. BecauseRead MoreThe Theological Definition Of Providence1280 Words   |  6 Pagesevery detail. Others hold that it is more general: He controls the â€Å"big picture†, but gives humans freedom to make their own choices.† There are many scriptures in the Bible to back up God’s providence in the world. However, the word providence is not actually written in the Bible, but it represents a biblical doctrine. Not only that, â€Å"there is no Hebrew equivalent for â€Å"providence,† used only of human foresight.â₠¬  Many other issues have to be considered when speaking on the providence of GodRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 Pagesvery important role of sparking questions and challenges against the Catholic Church. Renaissance humanism was the study of classic Latin and Greek literatures and philosophies, attempting to restore ancient morals and that emphasized the value of human beings. Similarly, Martin Luther sought to restore Christianity back to as it was in the apostolic church in which he believed that everything God required of us laid in the Scripture. Also, the strike of the Black Death during the 14th century hadRead MoreCalvanism Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesEngland society. The Puritans had some of the most interesting beliefs of the early religious groups. Founded by the beliefs of John Calvin, the Puritans adopted a religion called Calvinism. Consistent with his scripture-based reasoning, Calvin eloquently described how civil and pa pal governments were different, yet uniquely related. In his classic reformation style, Calvin symbolically compared Catholic to Protestant theology by framing his theocracy not on the church as the government, but rather heRead MoreDiscussion on the Determination of Self Essay777 Words   |  4 Pagespresented with choices we are being deceived, and as B.F Skinner said, ‘human beings.. are not free, because all men are really puppets or robots. Man is a meat machine.’ He argues that as a puppet, we have no will of our own: our movements are entirely under the control of the puppet-master who pulls the puppet – strings. This presents a problem for us, because even if we were to hold that man has no real freedom and all his actions are controlled, we need to know who it is thatRead MoreJohn Calvin And The Doctrine Of Providence2135 Words   |  9 Pages Synonymous with Augustinian thought, Calvin accepted that God was responsible for suffering however refused to believe that God was also guilty of it. Calvin composed the doctrine of Providence, this referred to God’s interaction in all that occurs during our lives; â€Å"everything is subject to God and ruled by his will and that when the world has done what it may, nothing happens than what God decrees† . This innovative concept sparked instant controversy as it potentially challenged many standingRead MoreReligious Reform in the Middle Ages1442 Words   |  6 Pagesamongst Europe many other groups began to follow his ideas, and included many of their own interpretations. One of which was John Calvin (1509-1564). Although Calvin agreed with the main ideas that Luther preached he had a different approach on human salvatio n. He believed that redirect theological speculation from individual salvation to a larger question of humans place in the universe. In other words he pushed for the idea that people should recognize the great power of God. He also preached

Franchising Free Essays

Franchising is defined as a business model wherein the owner of the business (franchisor) gives the independent operator (franchisee) the right to distribute his product, apply his business techniques and use his brand and/or trademark in the conduct of the business. With such a business model, the business owner can maximize their business’ profit potential in a shorter time compared to other more traditional business models. In franchise business, it is not only the products or service that the franchisee can avail; it is more of the system-the business plan of the chosen franchise. We will write a custom essay sample on Franchising or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is fact that before franchise companies offer their business packages, they already conducted strenuous researches and studies to test the capability of the franchise to withstand the various factors that might affect the operation of the business. Simply put, franchise business offers a time-tested business plan. When entrepreneurs think of franchising, food is often the first thing that comes to mind. Most of the world’s biggest restaurant concepts are all franchised businesses. This chapter focuses on study and literature readings of franchising business specially food franchising. Different report related to this research will help researcher educate themselves to the different aspect of purchasing a food franchise. Since 1950s, food establishments have quickly become the most popular sector in franchising. In U. S. as the nation’s economic environment hold steady, franchising continues to exhibit its positive influence. According to William Rosenberg International Center of Franchising at the University of New Hampshire Whittemore School of Business and Economics, â€Å"Franchised Businesses create more value and perform better financially than their non-franchised competitors†. The study found that over the 10 year period, U. S. public restaurant franchisor have created more value than their non-franchising competitors. â€Å"Franchising firms minimize agency problems, and have access to cheaper capital, motivated managerial expertise, and better local market knowledge,† according to the report. Franchising has grown so fast since the 1950s that it is now pervasive in different economy around the world. In study commissioned by the International Franchise Association, PriceWaterhouseCoopers estimated that in 2001 there were more than 767,000 business establishment in the United States engaged in franchising, providing directly or indirectly more than 18 million jobs, over $506 billion in payroll, and over $1. 5 trillion of output. Franchising now dominates certain sectors of the U. S. economy, over 56 percent of quick-sevice restaurants are franchises. Franchising is also one of the fastest-growing U. S. xports, and it is now estimated that franchising will grow 12 to 14 percent per year in the future. The restaurant industry has earned a reputation for high risk and high rewards. Some industry analysts claim a dubious 90 percent failure in the first year. Franchise restaurants based on proven systems have a high success rate—about 62 percent over four years—than independent operators. In U. S. the average full-service restaurant in 2006 grossed $867,000. The restaurant industry is the U. S. largest employer after the government. The profitability of a food franchise always depends in their ability to provide satisfaction in their customers. Research indicates that consumers have strong preference about choosing where to eat—with 62 percent saying they look for â€Å"environmentally friendly† establishments, 70 percent want offerings not easily duplicated in their home kitchen; and 83 percent express approval of healthier eating options at quick service eateries. The Success of food franchise can be put down to strong customer focus; franchisees are selected and entrusted with a loved brand and the quality of product and service is never compromised. It is necessary that the franchisor offers its franchisees a comprehensive franchise system, with maximum support and training. Entrepreneurial Failure: The Case of Franchises†, by Steve Michael, a professor of business administration at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, concluded that â€Å"Franchisees are less likely to fail if they have been trained effectively by the franchisor†. Franchises with the best, most robust training programs have the most successful franchisees. The length of the training program was significantly tied to the chance of failure. Those franchises with the shortest franchisee training programs were more likely to fail. Those with longer programs were more likely to succeed. Michael Newman, president and founder of ABC, based in Citrus Heights, California, agrees and says training of franchisees was paramount from the word â€Å"go†. â€Å"We realized very early on that everything is about training† says Newman. â€Å"Franchisees need good training in order to be successful out in the field. There are as many varieties of food franchises as there are types of foods. Investments can range from the very high end of hundreds of thousands of pesos for full-service restaurants, to a moderate capital outlay for vending machine. There are franchises that specialize in sandwiches, barbeque, burgers, pizza, ethnic foods, candy, ice cream, smoothies and many other types of foods. Food franchising is most often associated with restaurants and it is the best franchise because food and eating remain constant. In Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, survival needs is the first factor that man should satisfy. In here, nourishment of one’s body is essential, not just because man wants to eat but rather man needs to eat in order to survive. Aside from being a need for human survival, food is the best franchise to engage in because people spend much for food. Plus, human choices of what kind of food or menu to offer are almost endless. Another good thing about food franchise is that, there are a lot of affordable franchise packages that will fit your capital. Entrepreneurs can select from food carts, which is a good start-up, or by kiosks and cafes. This type of food franchise do not require investors to dole out millions or hundreds of thousands pesos. Franchising has recently been named as one of the most outstanding and most successful business models in the country today. It has become so popular that we now have more than a thousand franchise Philippines brands (from just about 50 franchising brands during the 1980s). No wonder, the Philippines is now being dubbed as the â€Å"Franchising Hub of Asia†. Food franchise here in the Philippines is a good earning potential since the products are usually affordable and the taste suits the Filipino taste buds. The very simple explanation for this is that Filipinos love to eat good food. Investors can put their franchise near the schools and universities, transport terminals and even within shopping malls. They can place their franchise anywhere, provided there is traffic or consumers who willing to pay for good tasting meals. There is no doubt, that food business or franchise is a stable industry despite the greet hit of economic recession. Entrepreneurs likely to think that competition in food franchise is stiff. Yes, of course. But their edge depends on the quality and taste of the food. They have to make sure that they deal with the best franchise company who offer good food at good price. Food products should be clean, properly processed, and served in an appetizing way. Naturally, man will spend good money for a great meal. So, it is a confirmation that food franchise can stay sturdy and growing even if other business entities face bankruptcy. Everyone can afford to skip buying latest gadget, but it is a sure bet that, they cannot afford to skip food. As long as there are people around, then food industry stays. Today, even if the economy is down, is still the best time to buy a food franchise. Food business in the Philippines is one of the best investments but it does not promise a 100 percent success. Successful business often start with an idea an entrepreneur hatches, slowly builds up and takes to market. Planning and controlling often occupy the top of every aspiring businessman’s to-do-list before they even starts leasing space and producing products. As it turns out, there are always exceptions to the rule, even in business. Take for instance Edgar Injap Sia. For him, taking advantage of a great opportunity outweighs all the planning known to man, which why he took up a vacant mall in his hometown of Iloilo City without a plan on what to do with. After a few weeks of conceptualizing, Sia decided to put up a restaurant offering an Illonggo staple called inasal in a ciy that was already teeming with versions of the same product. But due to his relentless work ethic, Sia’s Mang Inasal Restaurant became a critical and dominant success in the Visayas region in no time. After establishing a good foothold in that region, he then set his sights on conquering the holy grail of every Filipino businessman: taking his concept to Luzon, specifically the make-or-break capital city, Metro Manila. I was not very familiar with Manila, because I was born and raised in Visayas. I only visited once a year, and it was usually for very short stays. So I knew I was in for a quite a challenge taking Mang Inasal to Luzon,† he said. Out of nowhere, Mang Inasal branches in Metro Manila had sprouted like mushrooms. Mang Inasal’s Founder Edgar Injap Sia shares the secret on making up in the big league. First, be brave and be hold. Second, innovate and start something new. Third, be ready for backbreaking work. Fourth, refuse to give up. Fifth, go slow and steady. Sixth, join reputable organizations. Seventh, stand out. Eight, continue to look for opportunities. â€Å"Nothing is impossible with right attitude. Do not be intimidated by problems look at them as an opportunities for growth. That’s the entrepreneurial spirit of Mang Inasal’ Chairman and CEO, Edgar J. Sia II. In food franchise business commitment with the right attitude is one of the most important recipe. It is impossible to survive and succeed being a franchisee if you are not committed in your business. Source http://www.bison.com/press_ABCSeniors_06092008 How to cite Franchising, Essay examples

Self and Community Human Dignity

Question: Discuss about theSelf and Communityfor Human Dignity. Answer: Introduction Human dignity is the inherent and inviolable value of the individual for being a person, and not because of his or her ethnicity, religion, success, age, wellbeing or any other factor. Scripture states the origin of human dignity: God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him, male and female he created them. (Genesis 1:27). Human beings are mage as a mirror image of God, and everyone is Gods children. All human beings desire good, intentionally and unintentionally. Common good are shared goods, with no decrease in intensity. A human beings dignity is an affair of participation. Humans possess dignity since they take part in a greater good. His participation in greater goods is higher than other living beings on earth, thus humans are considered exceptional and more dignified than the rest. Humans are at the tip of creation and represent the greatest degree of participation in good (Beattie, 2015). Human dignity violation is the humiliation, instrumentalization and degradation of human dignity. It is the diminishing action of a persons self-worth and treating that person just as a medium of goal achievement and devaluing him. It strips an individual of human characteristics and makes him feel inferior. Different forms of human dignity violation are there including torture, rape, slavery, social exclusion and labor exploitation (Schillling, 2016). Dignity is often assessed while checking for improved labor conditions, and it has been found most of the times that there is an absence of human dignity in the matter. There is a brink between acceptable labor standards and non-acceptable ones, as stated by International Labor Organization (ILO). International Labor Organization (ILO) first report on forced labor provided the number 12.3 million as a global estimate. The community has considered this modest enough and ignored the prevalence of the issue at that time. Human rights laws from the beginning have focused on fighting against human dignity violation and labor exploitation. Legislations from the beginning have opposed the exploitation of one persons individuality, humanity and labor rights by another. The laws have never discriminated based on ethnicity or gender and has always asked for equality (Shelton, 2015). There are different opinions based on the presence of labor exploitation in societies. Barnes (2013) opines that labor exploitation at times is mutually beneficial, especially when other options are unavailable, and then it no longer remains forced, but becomes consensual. He suggests the background situations be taken care of while reaping benefits from such actions. Until 2000, the UN Trafficking Protocol did not consider forced labor as exploitation. On the other hand, Lewis et al. (2015) opines that forced labor and other types of labor exploitation pose a risk to human lives and is a criminal offense according to the standards of ILO. ILO conducted a survey called Global Estimate of Forced Labor in 2012 that calculated about 20.9 million victims of forced labor. Out of them 9.1 million were victims because of human trafficking. Robinson (2014) has criticized trafficking for labor exploitation and recommends implementation of employment protection laws. TheCrimes Legislation Amendment Act(2013) made some amendments and made forced labor a separate offence. The ILO has put special emphasis on the fact that forced labor is not identified by the type of work performed, but by the employer-employee relationship. It has been understood that human dignity violation is a serious issue in todays society. Thousands of people fall victim to human trafficking, and it is required by the society to identify these serious issues and get involved to end this horrific practices for the sake of human dignity. Humans were created as an image of God, and not as monsters or sufferers. The only way to regain that image is to join forces and fight such evils and eradicate them from the society. References Barnes, M. R. (2013). Exploitation as a Path to Development: Sweatshop Labour, Micro-Unfairness, and the Non-Worseness Claim. Beattie, T. (2015). Dignity Beyond Rights: Human Development in the Context of the Capabilities Approach and Catholic Social Teaching.Australian e-Journal of Theology,22(3). Lewis, H., Dwyer, P., Hodkinson, S., Waite, L. (2015).Precarious lives: Forced labour, exploitation and asylum. Policy Press. Schilling, D. (2016). Reconsidering Human Dignity in a Confucian Context: A Review of Ni Peimins Conceptual Reconstruction.Dao, 1-11. Shelton, D. (2015).Remedies in international human rights law. Oxford University Press, USA. ucatt.org.uk. (2016). ucatt.org.uk. Retrieved from https://www.ucatt.org.uk/files/publications/Flex%20WP001%20-%20Prevention.pdf

The Company of Wolves Essay Example

The Company of Wolves Essay â€Å"The Company of Wolves† by Angela Carter follows the story line of the classic children’s fairytale â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† which is known universally in the western world. Despite the relationship between the two stories, â€Å"The Company of Wolves† has cunningly been written with an eerie atmosphere and plot twists to engage the reader. Reinvented into a gothic fantasy, the story highlights Red Riding Hood’s innocence and uses the Wolf as a metaphor for men to position the reader to react differently than the classic fairytale. It becomes obvious to the reader that the story is based upon the well known fairy tale ‘Little Red Riding Hood’ but Carter has twisted the innocent children’s story into a extravagant gothic fantasy which positions the reader to grasp a greater understanding of the events leading up to the climax and the background in general. The stylist choices of magic realism differ from the classic denotation of fantasy because realistic frameworks of the real world are twisted with the supernatural resulting in murderous, sadistic or brutal situations; in this instance Red Riding Hood engaging in sexual acts with the Wolf. We will write a custom essay sample on The Company of Wolves specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Company of Wolves specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Company of Wolves specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the beginning the reader is fully aware of the stylistic choice of gothic fantasy, â€Å"One beast and only one beast howls in the woods by night† is typical of gothic tales as woods are usually portrayed as a dangerous and a forbidding setting, but also provides emphasis through repetition of ‘one beast’ and ‘only one’ to draw the reader’s attention onto the fact that the Wolf is important and plays a significant role in the story. A common aspect of gothic tales is winter which is the setting of the story, as shown through distribution of the words ‘snow’, ‘Christmas’, ‘Robin’, ‘blizzard’ and ‘cold’ throughout the story which are classic connotations relative to the season. The stylistic choice made by Carter in relation to the classic fairy style creates an eerie atmosphere and positions the reader to question if they really know the plot of the story. Little Red Riding Hood is portrayed as an innocent little girl in the classic fairy tale which is carried through into Carters version with a few twists. Initially Little Red’s innocence is clearly defined as her virginal status is described using metaphors as ‘She is an unbroken egg; she is a sealed vessel’ and her physical appearance resembles that of a young girl ‘hair like lint, pale forehead, scarlet cheeks’. Since she has ‘started her woman’s bleeding’ it is safe to assume that her shawl is symbolic to represents just that or her innocence as she nters this period of her life. As the story progresses Little Red does not hesitate to hand over her basket when ‘he [the Wolf] offered to carry her basket’, assuming the basket is a symbol used to represents her virginity this scene illustrates how uneducated girls in this era were about sex and the risk it posed to them. Little Red is not hesitant about handing over he r basket because she has no clue about what the Wolf is doing, although she does not know what was about to happen to her he certainly does. At this specific point in the story the reader is positioned to re-evaluate the innocence of the girl, questioning whether the wolf is taking advantage of her or whether she knows what she wants. Regarding Little Red’s shawl representing her innocence, nearing the end of the story the Wolf exclaims in reply to her asking what to do with it choice of diction, â€Å"Throw it into the fire, dear one. You won’t need it again,† clearly distinguishes that he has taken her innocence and virginity and that there is no way for it to be reversed; ‘fire’ representing an irreversible doing. The innocence of Little Red has inevitably been taken away and no long exists to the reader, the reader will no longer be able to read the original version without the constant reminder of Little Red’s deterioration of innocence in Carters version. Carter, being a classic feminist, has shaped the Wolf into a metaphor of the negative side to men. To begin ‘One beast and only one beast howls in the woods’, in particularly the repetition of ‘one’ and ‘only one’ provides emphasis upon the fact that there is only one wolf and that he is an important asset to the story, perhaps the fact that the story could not function without this male character which makes him very important and dominant. Carter has used this to mirror her opinion that men, or some men, have a mindset that a women’s life could not function without them. The wolf is quick to ‘offer[ered] to carry her basket’, which is a symbol of her virginity. These actions demonstrate Carters opinion on men thinking they can dominate women especially since the Wolf knew exactly what he was doing relative to Little Red who was oblivious to his actions because she is uneducated on sex. The Wolf is conveyed by the reader as a vicious sexual predator out to claim young girl’s virginity, which positions them to feel sympathetic for Little Red who represents women. The dominancy of the Wolf taking the girls virginity is pursued near the end of the story as the Wolf orders her to, â€Å"Throw it [shawl] on the fire, dear one. You won’t need it again,† which is significant because the shawl represents her virginity which has now been burnt. The diction of the phrase ‘dear one’ is effective because it demonstrates how a man can pretend to care about a girls feelings and be sweet in order to manipulate her into doing something to his advantage. By this point in the story the reader has been positioned to view the Wolf differently from the one that gets killed in the traditional story to a dominant male character who has no respect for Little Red. Once the reader has read â€Å"The Company of Wolves† they definitely won’t be able to see the classic â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† in the same light again. Reinvented into a gothic fantasy, the story highlights Red Riding Hood’s innocence and uses the Wolf as a metaphor for men to position the reader to react differently than the classic fairytale. The story however does not necessarily have only negative outcomes because it could make the reader to think deeper about how other characters in different fairytales have been portrayed and how they can challenge the expectations they have been placed in. The Company of Wolves Essay Example The Company of Wolves Essay The story The Company of Wolves written by Angela Carter taunts the readers imagination by elaborating on their idea and point of view of gender roles. Angela Carters characters portray these roles very similar to the way modern day Americans view gender roles. Males and females are bothCollection of grown-up fairy tales.I first read this book in college and it has become one of my all-time favourites. In this collection of short stories, Angela Carter takes the fairytales, nursery rhymes, and the images and themes they contain and perverts/illuminates them. What is most striking about this collection is Carters writing style. Her language is simultaneously poetic and profane. The stories are heavy with her purple language, which is what makes them so satisfying to read. In additon to the exquisite language, Carters re-telling of classic tales such as Snow White, Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, etc., never fails to pay off. Carter creates a world in which Red Riding hood is the savvy hunter, not the innocent hunted. These stories make us focus on the overly simplistic (and often slanted) messages we were taught as children when these tales were first presented to us. In particular, Carter makes us question what fairytales have taught us about gender roles, marriage, and sex. For a trip into the fantasic that will make you laugh and make you really THINK, read this book!To begin, with the exception of the eponymous story at the beginning, these stories are the stylistic masterpieces of a miniaturist virtuoso. These renarrated fairy tales are nuanced stories that give the reader pause to reconsider his or her sexuality and the inherent violence and danger attendant upon it.-And then, perhaps, to reflect that the fairy stories in their original form were less explicit forms of the same thing for children.As the writer Djuna Barnes puts it in Nightwood, God, children know something they cant tell; they like Red Riding Hood and the wolf in bed!The first story is, to my taste, the only failure here. Its a bit too heavy-handed and obvious, and the imagery and phraseology borrow too much from Poe, particularly from his The Fall of The House of Usher. They leave you straining for an impact, which is just not there. That said, the rest of the stories are erotic/metaphysical gems in which the reader can peer into his or her own sexuality in its many (mostly crimsoned) facets.There is a subtle but deep undertone here that, in some way, our sexuality makes us all otherworldy ghouls and outcasts from the civilized world. As the narrator puts it in The Lady of the House of Love, The end of exile is the end of being.-In other words, our sexuality metamorphoses (one of Carters favourite words and themes)us into vampires, werewolves and sadistic murderers, if only in our imagination, and frequently in life.An exqusite book to pique anyones interest into his or her sexuality and its implications, both in the realms of action and imaginationBefore it was tre ndy to adapt fairy tale themes into adult fiction, there was Angela Carter.In _The Bloody Chamber_, Carter works with a variety of fairy tale and folkloric themes, crafting them into very adult stories written in a style all her own. Somehow, her prose manages to be hauntingly strange and deliciously earthy at once. I didnt like all of the stories in this collection, but I very much liked some of them, and Im glad I read the book. I especially enjoyed the title story (a retelling of Bluebeard), and The Lady of the House of Love, quite possibly my favorite vampire tale ever. In it, the tragic lady Nosferatu reads her Tarot cards every night, and every night draws cards signifying deathuntil one night she draws Les Amoureux, the Lovers, and everything changes. Splendid.There is more herea raunchy Puss in Boots, two takes on Beauty and the Beast, several stories dealing with werewolves and/or Red Riding Hood, and much more.This is an incredible collection of short fiction which unleash es Carters wit on some old fairy tales, including her retakes on Puss in Boots and Little Red Riding Hood, filling them all up with eroticism and dark sexual tension, pushing back towards the vein in which these stories were originally intended. One of my favourites is the opening tale, the folktale of Bloody Chamber, based on the fairy tale of a woman forbidden to enter a single room that her husband always keeps locked. I can remember the original story, but I cant remember the title. There is not a weak moment in this whole collection and it is definitely highly recommended.Angela Carters Bloody Chamber is a reworking of the traditional fairy tales. Carter uses sensual language and rich imagery to bring to life these well-loved fables, often bordering on the comical. The Bloody Chambers itself is especially powerful and seductiveThe Company of Wolves (1979)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Reverts to a mythical past of the original the peasant girl the werewolf (The Story of Grandmother);à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Shows how a strong-minded child can fend for herself in the woods and tame the wolf.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Strongly sexual, primal urges of the carnivore incarnate: cf. medieval/pagan beliefs in the werewolf = man-wolf etymologically pagan shamans wrapped themselves in a wolf skin to invoke the power protection of this animal = magical possession. With Christianity werewolves = turned into predators, outsiders, hostile forces = ferocious aggressive, uncontrollable, untamable yet necessary to the cultural process.A werewolf is a human being who can dissolve the boundary between civilization wilderness in him is capable of crossing over the fence that separates his civilized side from his wild side. A werewolf is a creature who looks straight into the eyes of his animal nature, which is usually kept under lock key by his culture. Consequently, this creature is the first to develop a consciousness of his cultural nature. (Hans Peter Durr in Zipes Tr Tr 68) -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To learn to r un with or howl with the wolves = opening oneself up to the essence on ones nature = to attain greater self-awareness: In order to be able to live in a social order and in order to be tame ; self-aware, archaic societies believed that one had to have spent some time in the wilderness.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Christianity demonizes the wolf and the inner animal as Satanic; werewolves, like witches ; Jews, were a threat to the Christian order and to be denied in oneself ; eliminated from society. Defined in bestial/ sexual terms as predatory male sexuality/fertility.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In Angela Carters story, the werewolf = as yet untamed by Christianity = a time when the cosmic struggle had not yet been determined in favor of the Christian soldier.The story is set on Christmas Eve. The malign door of the solstice still swings upon its hinges open to the werewolves and other spirits. The grandmother is pious, she has her Bible for company but we keep the wolves outside by living well. When the wolf e nters, she is powerless: you can hurl your Bible at him, granny; you thought that was a sure prophylactic against these infernal verminNow call on Christ and his mother and all the angels in heaven to protect you, but it wont do you any good.One of the ways in which some feminist writers are challenging the traditional or dominant readings of gender in literary texts is by re-telling or re-writing some of their cultures stories. Angela Carter was a writer who produced re-visions of many popular fairytales. One story in particular was made into a successful film, The Company of Wolves. This can be read as a re-vision of Little Red Riding Hood, a story which many feminist readings find problematic or objectionable.As a class, reconstruct the characters and events of Little Red Riding Hood, one of the fairytales discussed earlier with which we are all familiar. Like all fairy stories, Little Red Riding Hood offers a message to its audience. What might be the lessons of this story?Read The Company of Wolves in which Angela Carter draws on traditional ideas of men and wolves with some modern twist, then answer the questions that follow.On your own, keep a record of your reactions as you read the story, and those ideas you formulate after your first or second reading and time for reflection. Use these notes as the basis of group discussion.Here is one reading or interpretation of the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood. Does this suggest why many feminist readers challenge the story?The story really is a cautionary tale. It warns young girls of the dangers, which await them in the big, wide world dangers from creatures, which lurk in the dark, away from the path.It teaches us that good little girls do exactly as they are told and stay on the right track, a path which links mother, grandmother and daughter in fear and obedience. It teaches us that women had better stay inside if they know whats good for them, and that they have no one to blame if they allow themselves to be led astray. Wolves, on the other hand, rule the world outside the home. It is their nature to be cunning, and to prey on little girls. They are not to be blamed for this; it is just the way things are. The only things which can keep a girl safe from them are her own common sense and a man who is handy with an axe.wise old grandmother tells her granddaughter a series of cautionary tales about the wolf that lurks within all men. Young women fall prey to heavily eye browed lotharios, babies are found inside stork eggs and all the time wolves are stalking the woods and villages.Similarly, the werewolf of The Company of Wolves (ibid, 110 118), when he appears as a dashing young hunter, is associated with the Narrative Tenses, but the moment of his metamorphosis, when he kills and eats Little Red Riding Hoods grandmother, is told largely in the Simple Present:He strips off his shirt. His skin is the colour and texture of vellum. A crisp stripe of hair runs down his belly, his nippl es are ripe and dark as poison fruit but hes so thin you could count the ribs under his skin if only he gave you the time. He strips off his trousers and she can see how hairy his legs are. His genitals, huge. Ah! huge.The last thing the old lady saw in all this world was a young man, eyes like cinders, naked as a stone, approaching her bed.The wolf is carnivore incarnate. (ibid, 116)In the last two passages, the good-enough reader will have noted that there has been a change in the point of view or putative origin of the text. In both cases we switch from a point of view inside the story (the young Englishman in the first instance, the grandmother in the second) to one outside the story the external narrator. In cinematographic terms, we draw back from close-up to long-shot. Another way of putting it would be to say that we move from the time of the tale itself back to the time of its narration.This may help explain why the relationship between the human and the Simple Past on the one hand and the non-human and the Simple Present on the other is not fully consistent. In the passage I have just quoted, a change of point of view from the grandmother watching the werewolf strip off his clothes, preparatory to becoming a wolf, to an external narrator (The last thing the old lady saw ) is accompanied by a switch from the Simple Present to the Simple Past, which then changes back to the Present with a general statement about the nature of the wolf.When the girl enters the cottage and discovers the killer although the text is ambiguous as to whether he is at this moment fully wolf or human the writing weaves back and forth from the Simple Past to the Simple Present, the latter being used mainly in unpunctuated conversation :No trace at all of the old woman except for a tuft of white hair that had caught in the bark of an unburned log. When the girl saw that, she knew she was in danger of death.Where is my grandmother?Theres nobody here but we two, my darling.Now a great howling rose up all around them, near, very near, as close as the kitchen garden, the howling of a multitude of wolves (ibid, 117).It is this weaving together of the two Tense systems which is characteristic of the writing of these tales, rather than any strict relationship a tension between Narrative, which is characterized by the linking together of a series of events distributed in time, and what Weinrich has called Commentary, but which in the present instance is more of an epic system, outside time, a world in which archetypal characters and episodes are fixed, as it were, in amber.2. There is a rich and compelling force of the writing of Angela Carter, which effectively suspends our disbelief in her subject matter. Discuss.Carter was a notable promoter of magic realism, who added into it Gothic themes, violence, and eroticism. She utilized throughout her work the language and characteristic motifs of the fantasy genre. Her work represents a successful combination of post-modern literary theories and feminist politics. Within the captivating short stories in The Bloody Chamber, Carter talks bout masculinity and femininity and the way society looks at it. She is able to combine the two together very well through fairy tales and using it as a way to explore the female identity. Carter is seen by many as attempting to recapture the lost lands of her sex, and as writing, for herself and her fellows, a kind of archaeology of the female psyche, in which the fairy tales of the little girl, the Romances of the teenager, and then the sharper tones of the young adult, are scrutinised with the cold eye of the boudoir philosopher.In The Bloody Chamber, Angela Carter reworks some of the Wests best-known fairy-tales, transforming them with brilliantly baroque imagery and from a perspective that owes almost as much to Freud as it does to feminism.Some readers of Angela Carters The Bloody Chamber have seen its narrator-protagonist as a passive young woman who m akes little attempt to avoid her apparent fate. Several features of the text, however, suggest that the protagonist is rather a woman in process, a person who fluctuates between passivity and action. The features that suggest a woman in process are Carters engagement of ideas also appearing in Susan Gubars essay on Isak Dinesens short story The Blank Page; Carters use of mirrors to show the protagonists emerging sense of subjectivity; and references to Richard Wagners opera Tristan and Isolde (Notes on Revisionist Fairy Tales). In addition, the heroines comments at the end of the story indicate that she continues to be a woman in process, relating her story as an attempt to expiate her shame. Carters women are allowed a vigour that enables them to save themselves or rescue each other, unlike the women of the traditional fairy-tales. Angela Carters use of desperate circumstances transforms the fairy tale conventions beyond its boundaries and into the realm of gothic fantasy. She also uses sustained periods of tense feelings to create an atmosphere of pressure fear. Also by adding horrific detail and descriptive/strong references to sexuality the story no longer fits into the classic fairy tale genre. bd.When describing Marquis, Carter uses a lot of heavy descriptions, giving every word and ominous meaning and thus leaving us with disturbing images of his character. When telling us of the heroines first opera visit, Carter highlights the perversity of their age difference through very subtle and tactful ways. She does not give us figures, but situations that show the girls premature ness and Marquis maturity. For example the first time the protagonist goes to the opera is when she was a mere child, yet Marquis was already married to his opera singer wife at that time.When describing the gift Marquis gave his naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, infantile wife; the ruby chocker, Carter uses many similes/imageries linking to blood and flesh. In doing so, she is able to create an ext remely pervert and extraordinary environment for us, conveying a sense of terror within the readers. Her reference to the Terror brings blood and gore to our minds, as we remember the aristocrats being guillotined. The dark, red, black images we are presented with bring us back to the Gothic genre, breaking fairy tale boundaries. Carter does not always use blood to signify terror, but she uses it to show innocence and naivety; when the blood rushed to her face again, the blood rises here out of shyness.Many find it difficult to read Carters work as a feminist story, but at times as an anti-feminist one. The protagonist seems to pathetic, childish and so weak that she allows herself to get corrupted. There are many moments when she lets herself be infantilised by Marquis, through the way he talks to her, pets her and even looks at her. Carter is able to correct these readers misconception by introducing the mother who possess masculine characteristics as the protagonists saviour, kni ght in shining armour. The grand entrance of the mother on her horse has a lot of classical imagery, making it very powerful; allowing the mother to break the binary system between victim and victor.Angela Carter makes good use of narrative, plots, imagery and language to create scenes in horrific detail that helps to capture the readers attention.Angela Carter Weber theorised gemini2003s marxism .Angela Carter believed in the importance of style, as well as ideas. At times this can look floral and she said herself some of her writing did not always succeed as well as she wanted- I think she had doubts about the Sadeian Woman. But at its best it is clear, striking, allusive and powerfully direct: The Bloody Chamber?Angela loved daring stylists such as Ronald Firbank and Peter Greenaway. OK, they can lapse into pretentiousness at worst, but most other art is boring and predictable.Angelas prose is wonderfully fresh and defiantly exhibitionist Marx suppressed gemini2003s marxism hypot hesis.think you have misinterpreted Carters unique and often disturbing mastery of language. She is not flowery, elaborate, or extravagant, but fearless and direct in her ability to examine feminist politics and human malice in fairy tales, in relationships, in the world. I question how much you have read of Carter. Do you think it is enough to warrant this assertion against her? Perhaps an example of what you believe to be floral language (with some sort of explication) might help Carter fans at least appreciate and consider your opinon. This coursework from www.coursework.infoThe Bloody Chamber, as much for the macabre content as the fact that she massacred our beloved fairytales. However, I can see how a student of English (as I am) could get frustrated by the seeming lack of soul these characters have. Carter takes black and white fairytale characters and attempts to express them in modern, human terms. It doesnt quite work and we are left with the feeling of having read some na ughty stories for Adults, based on stories for kids. gemini2003, please do not redistribute this hypothesis. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this hypothesis elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned.Well, maybe thas the pointMaybe she wanted us to think about it:whats a character?What do you mean when you say acharacter has soul or psychologicaldepth or consistency?And what about people? Could some peoplebe as two-dimensional as fairy-talescharacters? For example, because theyjust play the role everybody expectsthem to play, without even being awareof it?If this isnt clear, think of Stephen(if I remember his name correctly theguy who started this dicussion), he isthe perfect example of astock-character. He makes me feel likeIve known him all my life,unfortunatelyI think Angela Carter did not only aimat being naughty (or do you actuallymean a pervert?) when she wrote TheBloody Chamber, I think she wanted toshock the reader into realizing thatwhat we call reality is not given, butshaped by ideas that are forced on us,from the cradle, and presented to us astruth, even through fairy-tales.ex: stories for kids ? Do you meaninnocent stories, as opposed tonaughty ones? How come these innocentstories have so much violence in them?But then again, Im not saying AngelaCarter had all the answers . At least,she asked the questions no wonderpeople who take their own superiorityfor granted dont like her writing !(hello, Stephen, this is for you, evenif Im pretty sure youcoaa aar seaaaaw oraa aak inaa foaa aa.I am a (female) teacher of English Lit. At a university which shall remain nameless and I am in agreement with Stephen that she is over-rated. A dislike of one contemporary feminist author does not make a person a snob or anti-feminist, and an irritation at the pretentious verbosity of Carters prose doesnt mean he is illiterate. D id anyone else notice that the guy who criticised Ss spelling wrote at lease, by the way? I merely ask. COdsAlUX from COdsAlUX coursewrok COdsAlUX work COdsAlUX info COdsAlUXHey stephen. I too thought that Angela Carter was feminist drivel that was until I read it! I mean, she makes her cases perfectly clear all she wants is for this male-dominated world to wake up and realise women do have power, are able to use it and are not all pink and flowery. Her writing isnt flowery and neither are her morals! .infoHey, Stephen,Im also a student of English (at AS level) and I was warned by friends in years above me that Angela Carter was boring flowery weird drivel.And I believed it, even after the first time Id read the bloody chamber.But I suggest that if you still think this, you should be having serious thoughts about getting extra help from your English teacher.Carters style of writing is called opaque writing it means the way in which she conveys her meaning is very important, as wel l as the actual meaning. Her use of words not found in most peoples vocabulary are not to challenge or demean her readers but to allow her to say *exactly* what she means (for example, Prothalamion). She uses the language she does not because she is over-decorative or hiding a gap in her narrative ability, but because it is important to her how her message is conveyed.I think, anywaycoee eer seeeeew oree eek inee foee ee!Like everyone else in the West, I grew up with them: the tales of curious virgins, mysterious heroes, vampires, witches and werewolves. We heard them as fairytales in our childhood, saw them again as the vampire films of the l950s, but I thought I had mainly forgotten them until I picked up a remarkable book. Marx obfuscated gemini2003s structuralism theory.In The Bloody Chamber Angela Carter reworks some of the Wests best known fairy- tales, transforming them with brilliantly baroque imagery and from a perspective that owes almost as much to Freud as it does to fem inism.cobg bgr sebgbgw orbg bgk inbg fobg bg.In the first and the longest story of the collection The Bloody Chamber the virgin protagonist is transported in a tender, delicious ecstasy of excitement, into the unguessable country of marriage. Its a familiar tale that of Bluebeards Castle and one which could be taking place at any time in history or anywhere throughout the world where the woman marries into a strong patriarchy and gives herself up to powerlessness.coba bar sebabaw orba bak inba foba ba.As a child the Bluebeard tale left me with the moral that nasty things would happen to girls who were too curious. In Carters reworking things happen rather differently. The new bride unlocks the secret chamber and finds the bodies of Bluebeards earlier wives. As she puts it: I only did what he knew I would. And as the story unfolds she knows that her impending doom is not merely a punishment for disobedience: the castle is stuffed with the trappings of power turning into sadism, a nd tales of the ancestral familys murderous woman-hunts are whispered through the neighbourhood. Our protagonist knows that she is in the hands of a psychopath and she is saved because she is crafty enough to play for time and because her mother tucks up her skirts, gallops up and rescues her. Its a fine feminist departure from the traditional tale in which the vulnerable damsel is saved by some burly male. Carters women are allowed a vigour that enables them to save themselves or rescue each other. k 852Nehk82 work 852Nehk82 info 852Nehk82They also experience sexual desire. The central character of The Bloody Chamber realizes that the Bluebeard character was drawn to marry her because I sensed in myself a potentiality for corruption that took my breath away. Carter explores the tales inherent sadomasochism. In her husbands secret drawer the bride finds a note from a murdered wife proclaiming: The supreme and unique pleasure of love is the certainty that one is doing evil. As soon a s this patriarch persuades his wives to join in the fun he punishes them with death. This hypothesis from www.coursework.infoIn the world in which we grow up, women are currency: My father lost me to The Beast at cards begins The Tigers Bride. When she rides out with the beasts, she notes: The six of us mounts and riders, both could boast amongst us not one soul since all the best religions in the world state categorically that not beasts nor women were equipped with the flimsy, insubstantial things. Small wonder then that she chooses to become a beast herself, sending back to her father the obedient clockwork maid to perform the part of my fathers daughter. PD9InOEI VisitIn this collection, questions of womens sexuality come up time and time again. At times Carters work seems to come close to pornography. Published in 1979, this book looks more closely at womens sexual liberation and orgasm than most writers do today.So what can a womans life and her sexuality be? With Carter it is not always clear. Take the case of her Little Red Riding Hood, pubescent and as fearless as the handsome werewolf she longs to kiss. This tantalizing tale ends at its climax, and I still dont know what the moral of it is. But perhaps the wish to find a moral is suspect. Perhaps, in the relatively liberated late twentieth century we should be reading the old tales quite differently. Angela Carter gives us a chance to do so.CommentaryThe Company of Wolves by Angela Carter is a moralistic fairytale that retells the story of Little Red Riding Hood. It uses the wolves as a metaphor for men who would try to take a girls virginity. The denouement of the story is the girl finally giving in to the pressure of the wolves, but she feels empowered and in control of her actions. The structure of the story firstly shows how a woman is a victim of the wolves, then shows how Red Riding Hood could be a victim of the wolves, and finally ends up that she is in control and has the power in the relat ionship. This demonstrates the view that women should not accept the ways of men but should dictate how they behave themselves. During the first two parts of the story where women are victims the wolves are described as beasts, but in the final part of the story where the woman is in control the wolf is described as tender as if the female being more dominant has tamed the wild beast.A Boy Who Cried to a Wolf is also a moralistic fairytale and uses ideas from The Boy Who Cried Wolf to tell the story of how a family do not trust and do not listen to their son so he gets revenge on them by striking up a friendship with a wolf. The structure of the story is that the boy goes from mild mannered and polite to deranged and overwhelmed with revenge on his family.The figurative language used in The Company of Wolves to describe the wolves or their incarnations as human men is often evil or menacing, forest assassins and Carnivore incarnate, this is saying the wolf lives solely to eat meat a nd is particularly vicious. Other figurative language is used to describe Red Riding Hood succumbing and losing her innocence, The thin muslin went flaring up the chimney like a magic bird. The muslin is a pure and natural material and its disappearing up the chimney could symbolize her abandoning her innocence. Figurative language in The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf is less common but when William is in his cherished place the adjectives used are more pleasant hazy sunshine.The conventions of fairytales are that there is a happy ending, the strong male figure usually saves the day and the villain is killed or sent far away from the Heroes, this is true in Little Red Riding Hood where the woodcutter kills the wolf and saves Red Riding Hood. In The Company of Wolves the conventions have been subverted and the heroin ends up losing her innocence but has power and control over her actions. The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf is similarly subverted from the conventions of fairy tales where the main protagonist, William Hallwater befriends the wolf and they plot to kill Williams parents.In The Company of Wolves Angela Carter uses more complex sentence types as the story is full of vivid descriptions and it portrays emotions and feelings. This is complemented well by the complex use of lexis. The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf also uses complex sentence types. The very nature of the story means that there are strong independent main clauses as well as subordinate clauses. The lexical choice in The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf is simpler than that of The Company of Wolves but it sticks closer to the lexical conventions of a fairytale.The Company of Wolves uses the symbolism of wolves as men who hunt girls and try to take their innocence in a cunning crafty way like a wolf. Red Riding Hood taking control and having the power is a symbol of changing in womens roles in society and shows a change from timid and obedient to dominant and equal. The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf uses Williams parents to symbolize everything that stops you getting on in life and arrogance. The wolf symbolizes free spirit and free will, which is what William requires.The audience for The Company of Wolves would probably be older than the audience for The Boy Who Cried to a Wolf because although both a fairly easy to read it may be harder to pick up on some of the connotations in The Company of Wolves.I originally wrote the story in first person but I found that this limited the story so I wrote it again in third person intrusive as then I could write with a less biased view of my characters behaviour. I was also going to stick closer to the original fairytale but the ending already had a sharp twist and it would have meant changing the direction of the story half way through to reach a original and moralistic denouement.The Company of Wolves is a reworking of the traditional story of Little Red Riding Hood as envisaged by Angela Carter. The film depicts the dreams of an adolescent girl and the influe nces of her sometimes-sinister grandmother. The film also features some remarkable special effects used to depict the transformation from human to beast.The Company Of Wolves bears many startling similarities to the fairy tale it was based on a traditional form of story telling that is surreally allegorical and rich in imagery. It draws upon the subconscious, breaks free of reason, exists on its symbolism, and contains layer upon layer of hidden meaning. But to describe it as a fairy tale is also a misnomer, for it is frightening in its violence, and peopled by ambiguous evil characters inhabiting a dangerous world. And it is also a dream. At least there are strong indications that it is a dream, but at its close the real world is violated by the dreamscape, just as Little Red Riding Hood is violated by the wolf. And throughout the film the boundaries between dream, imagination and reality are blurred, just as they are in the mind of the pubescent child.The Company Of Wolves is pur e fable. It says one thing, yet means another. It is a simple tale that seeks by constant repetition to express a universal moral, taking the form of old wives tales and folklore. Rosaleen is at an age that makes her ripe for temptation. Her innocence is fragile and she would see it lost, but the village boys are clowns. She stands flanked by her grandmother, the voice of superstition Beware the wolf that is hairy on the inside, and her mother, the voice of reason If there is a beast in men, it meets its match in woman. Throughout the film there is a deliberate intenti

Definition and Examples of Syllogisms

Definition and Examples of Syllogisms In logic, a syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Adjective: syllogistic. Also known as a  categorical argument or a standard categorical syllogism. The term syllogism is from  the Greek, to infer, count, reckon Here is an example of a valid categorical syllogism: Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded.Minor premise: All black dogs are mammals.Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded. In rhetoric, an abridged or informally stated syllogism is called an enthymeme. Pronunciation: sil-uh-JIZ-um Examples and Observations Among this countrys enduring myths is that success is virtuous, while the wealth by which we measure success is incidental. We tell ourselves that money cannot buy happiness, but what is incontrovertible is that money buys stuff, and if stuff makes you happy, well, complete the syllogism.(Rumaan Alam, Malcolm Forbes, More Than I Dreamed. The New York Times, June 8, 2016)Flavius: Have you forgot me, sir?Timon: Why dost ask that? I have forgot all men;Then, if thou grantst thourt a man, I have forgot thee.(William Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, Act Four, scene 3 Major Premise, Minor Premise, and Conclusion The process of deduction has traditionally been illustrated with a syllogism, a three-part set of statements or propositions that includes a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Major premise: All books from that store are new.Minor premise: These books are from that store.Conclusion: Therefore, these books are new. The major premise of a syllogism makes a general statement that the writer believes to be true. The minor premise presents a specific example of the belief that is stated in the major premise. If the reasoning is sound, the conclusion should follow from the two premises. . . .A syllogism is valid (or logical) when its conclusion follows from its premises. A syllogism is true when it makes accurate claims- that is, when the information it contains is consistent with the facts. To be sound, a syllogism must be both valid and true. However, a syllogism may be valid without being true or true without being valid.(Laurie J. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, The Concise Wadsworth Handbook, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2008) Rhetorical Syllogisms In building his theory of rhetoric around the syllogism despite the problems involved in deductive inference Aristotle stresses the fact that rhetorical discourse is discourse directed toward knowing, toward truth not trickery. . . . If rhetoric is so clearly related to dialectic, a discipline whereby we are enabled to examine inferentially generally accepted opinions on any problem whatsoever (Topics 100a 18-20), then it is the rhetorical syllogism [i.e., the enthymeme] which moves the rhetorical process into the domain of reasoned activity, or the kind of rhetoric Plato accepted later in the Phaedrus.(William M.A. Grimaldi, Studies in the Philosophy of Aristotles Rhetoric. Landmark Essays on Aristotelian Rhetoric, ed. by Richard Leo Enos and Lois Peters Agnew. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998 A Presidential Syllogism On  Meet the Press, . . . [Tim] Russert reminded [George W.] Bush, The Boston Globe and the Associated Press have gone through some of their records and said theres no evidence that you reported to duty in Alabama during the summer and fall of 1972. Bush replied, Yeah, theyre just wrong. There may be no evidence, but I did report. Otherwise, I wouldnt have been honorably discharged. Thats the Bush syllogism: The evidence says one thing; the conclusion says another; therefore, the evidence is false. (William Saletan, Slate, Feb. 2004) Syllogisms in Poetry: To His Coy Mistress [Andrew] Marvells To His Coy Mistress . . . involves a tripartite rhetorical experience which is argued like a classical syllogism: (1) if we had world enough and time, your coyness would be tolerable; (2) we do not have sufficient world or time; (3) therefore, we must love at a faster rate than gentility or modesty permit. Although he has written his poem in a continuous sequence of iambic tetrameter couplets, Marvell has separated the three elements of his argument into three indented verse-paragraphs, and, more important, he has proportioned each according to the logical weight of the part of the argument it embodies: the first (the major premise) contains 20 lines, the second (the minor premise) 12, and the third (the conclusion) 14.(Paul Fussell, Poetic Meter and Poetic Form, rev. ed. Random House, 1979) The Lighter Side of Syllogisms Dr. House: Words have set meanings for a reason. If you see an animal like Bill and you try to play fetch, Bills going to eat you, because Bills a bear.Little Girl: Bill has fur, four legs, and a collar. Hes a dog.Dr. House: You see, thats whats called a faulty syllogism; just because you call Bill a dog doesnt mean that he is . . . a dog.(Merry Little Christmas, House, M.D.)LOGIC, n. The art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding. The basic of logic is the syllogism, consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusionthus: Major Premise: Sixty men can do a piece of work sixty times as quickly as one man.Minor Premise: One man can dig a posthole in sixty seconds;thereforeConclusion: Sixty men can dig a posthole in one second. This may be called the syllogism arithmetical, in which, by combining logic and mathematics, we obtain a double certainty and are twice blessed. (Ambrose Bierce, The Devils Dictionary) It was at this point that the dim beginnings of a philosophy began to invade her mind. The thing resolved itself almost into an equation. If father had not had indigestion he would not have bullied her. But, if father had not made a fortune, he would not have had indigestion. Therefore, if father had not made a fortune, he would not have bullied her. Practically, in fact, if father did not bully her, he would not be rich. And, if he were not rich . . .. She took in the faded carpet, the stained wall-paper, and the soiled curtains with a comprehensive glance. . . . It certainly cut both ways. She began to be a little ashamed of her misery.(P.G. Wodehouse,  Something Fresh, 1915)

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry

Application of LBM in Aerospace Industry INTRODUCTION: Requirement of precision components, complicated design, stringent standards and testing, unusual size of workpiece, restrictions in conventional machining processes has lead to development of advanced machining processes shortly AMP. In past few years, there were several AMP’s developed such as electric discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining, electrochemical machining, chemical machining processes (CMP), ultrasonic machining (USM), and jet machining processes abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, laser beam machining etc. Each of these AMP’s has its limitations in workpiece material, shape etc. But LBM is the one of the AMP’s where almost all material can be processed. One of major advantage of LBM is its ability to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the most widely used thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining process which can be applied for almost whole ra nge of materials. Laser beam is focused for melting and vaporizing the unwanted material from the parent material. As of now the major application on LBM is profile cutting of geometrically complex part and making miniature holes in sheetmetal. HISTORY OF LASER: In 1917, it was Albert Einstein who first told the world about the process called â€Å"Stimulated Emission† which makes the laser possible. In 1957, Gordon Gould, a Columbia University student designed the first laser device in his laboratory. However the first working laser (ruby laser) was found on 16th of May, 1960 by Dr. Theodore Maiman. This demonstration of ruby laser acted as entry door to this field. Till then lots and lots of researches have been done and various lasers were found. Some of major contributions and highlights are â€Å"Gas laser† which used helium and neon gases by Ali Javan during 1960, semi conductor laser by Gunther Fenner in 1962, CO2 laser by Kumar Patel on 1964, Nd-YAG laser by Ge usic in 1964 etc. The first excimer laser was demonstrated in 1970 by Basov et ah and it was liquid xenon which was excited with a pulsed electron beam. The first commercial application of continuous wave CO2 lasers was made during 1967 by Western Electric and the first successful industrial application of laser cutting was die-board slotting. Whereas now, lasers have been into many areas such as aerospace, die and mold manufacturing, biomechanical devices, automotive, electric, and electronic industries etc. Likewise many studies have been made to find many such lasers and also studies were done to improve / optimize the working parameters of the lasers. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation – LASER is a device which produces a monochromatic light beam where all the waves are coherent. LASER consists of four primary components: Active medium : It contains atoms whose electrons are excited to higher energy levels by an energy source. They are solid crystals such as ruby or Nd:YAG, liquid dyes, gases like CO2 or Helium/Neon, or semiconductors such as GaAs. Excitation Mechanism: Excitation mechanisms pump energy into the active medium. Three basic method of excitation are optical, electrical or chemical. High Reflectance Mirror Partially Transmissive Mirror The major principles of Laser are stimulation, amplification and population inversion.

Research Paper Problem Scenario Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Problem Scenario - Research Paper Example s observed that both the families of pedestrian and sports car driver have threatened to sue Officer Speedy which has brought about a need for certain arguments to be presented to the Sheriff for and against whether she should be disciplined or not. Criminal Justice Administration is of relevance for the decision maker as it offers a foundation to assist in delivering balanced and effective administration replies in relation to the legal issues (San Diego State University, 2007). With regard to the provided scenario, one of the officers of the Saint Leo Police Department, Speedy was patrolling in the midnight in her cruiser to ensure the safety of the people. When suddenly, a sports car which was black in color came at a rapid speed from the corner and nearly hit the cruiser of Officer Speedy. In order to get hold of the sports car driver, the officer chased the car in the streets of Saint Leo at the mid night. All the bars of that area were on the verge to get closed and hence there were a number of people in that locality. Officer Speedy was chasing the black sports car at a high speed which was more than 100mph through the downtown Saint Leo area. Due to the high speed and the presence of a number of people in the area, the officer lost her control and unintentionally killed a pedestrian on the sidewalk with her cruiser. This created a chaos situation in the downtown Saint Leo. In order to see what has happened with the officer with the cruiser, the black sports car driver drove into a telephone pole and lost his life. Subsequently, the scenario is such that the families of the pedestrian along with the sports car driver are intimidating to sue the Sheriff as well as the city of Saint Leo. The case has been handed over to the Special Assistant to the Saint Leo Chief of Police, in order to get good judgement by analysing the legal issues and the facts. Reckless driving is one of major criminal offences as per the US law. Reckless driving as per the case was

Medieval Times in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medieval Times in Europe - Essay Example As the report explores one of the most notable was the difference in the appearances of those who attended church. Wealthy bourgeoisie merchants were rich in their clothes while the serf families were clad in dirty rough wool. In the middle ages there was a great level of inequality between the classes of society seen. The serf families lived in terrible hardships and it was not an uncommon happening in winter for either the youngest or oldest of poor families to die of cold and hunger. Where the serfs lived in cold stone huts with straw roofs, the noble lords lived in comfortable castles. A large difference was seen when comparing the living standards of the rich and poor. This discussion declares that there was no known cure for this disease and this lack of knowledge led to many different (and rather useless) remedies. These included allusions to alchemy, magic, miracles by the Church and various other cures. Of course, at the time none of them actually worked to help the countless people suffering from the blackening of their skin (due to hemorrhaging under the skin) and the painful swelling and wounds in their bodies and general fever. What was noted was that there was extreme fear for the disease as no one actually had any explanations for how and why it was spreading and killing millions. In their blind and futile search for a cure their frustration was directed at minority groups of society as the Jews and those already suffering from the disease.

Intellectual Property Rights and software Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Property Rights and software Essay Moral theories such as utilitarianism are used to defend Intellectual Property Rights of software produced by companies such as the Microsoft. It is important to differentiate between physical property rights and intellectual property rights. The government needs to analyse pros and cons of protecting rights of companies such as the Microsoft. Intellectual Property Rights or IPR is generally defended based on the assumption that they are similar to physical property rights. The ethical argument is that legal experts have upheld the need to protect property rights of individuals. Consequently, due to such rights individuals are able to protect their ownership rights, as they are allowed to approach court of law when their property is encroached. It is not possible to accept this argument in the context of intellectual property. This is due to basic differences that persist between physical property and intellectual property. Physical property allows purchaser to use property and alienate or dispose property at the later period. (Lea 2006) Software patent rights gives the right to use, but does not allow the user to either modify or alienate. This is because software can be produced in large quantities with the assistance of modern technology. Property, on the other hand, cannot be produced in large quantities. Reproduction and duplication of software can affect profitability of a company like Microsoft or author of the program. (Lea 2006) IPR in the context of software cannot be justified on two counts. First, it cannot be compared with physical property. There is no moral justification to protect rights of the creator of software. It is true that it is important to protect rights of individuals who author a computer program. But, at the same time, it is important to protect rights of consumers as well. Based on this reasoning, Wright brothers were not able to patent Airplane. Patents can sometimes discourage creativity. Consequently, modern scientists were able to produce airplane designs and contribute to enhanced facilities to people. The major purpose of patents and copy rights is to encourage people to contribute to scientific knowledge. (Lea 2006) Patents can be considered as recognition of talent of individual. Innovative products can inspire other individuals to produce similar or other products. As software is protected by IPR, it cannot be modified. One needs to differentiate between copy right acts and software patents. Copy right acts protect interest of authors. Generally, mass production of a book involves huge expenditure as it requires investment in printing and machinery. Software production, on the other hand, does not involve such huge investment. This argument is used to defend software patents. But, this argument alone cannot be used to defend right of a person who authors computer programs. (Lea 2006) Utilitarianism believes in welfare principles. Property rights are essential to achieve general welfare. Lack of property rights can affect large numbers of individuals. Non-software copy rights have encouraged producers to enhance production. They are able to obtain recognition for their contribution to their sector. On the other hand, software patent has affected large numbers of individuals, as they are not able to modify source code of a computer program. Duplication of software will affect income rights of a person or organization that produces software. The author will continue to enjoy the right to control the product. At the same time, additional features can be created by tweeting source code. This can benefit large numbers of people as they use free and modified software. Lea 2006) One needs to appreciate the fact that computer programs cannot replace essential goods required by large numbers of world population. In the 1990s, American population depended on computer revolution, which created employment opportunities for large numbers of individuals. At the same time, a country cannot solely depend on computer programs. This is because comp uter programs cannot replace other economic activities such as agricultural and industrial production. (Lea 2006) Protection of monopolistic companies such as Microsoft has created disparity between rich and poor nations. It is not possible to defend high price charged by companies for their software. This is because companies do not invest heavily in R D, unlike non software industry. From utilitarian perspective, it is not possible to defend IPR of software. This is because the aim of world leaders should be to reduce disparity between rich and poor. IPR in software, on the other hand, has enhanced gap between rich and poor. This is because countries such as the US depend heavily on software export. The US enhanced its software trade surplus which crossed $20 billion in 1999. (Lea 2006) Second, from libertarian perspective also one cannot defend IPR. This is because IPR does not allow freedom to individuals as they are not able to modify and sell software. This can affect their creative abilities. IRP affects autonomy and freedom of individuals. In a free and democratic country such as the US it is not possible to justify protection of organizations such as Microsoft. Free software movement emerged in order to defend the right of individuals to freely distribute software. In the 1960s, computers had to install software as a distinct bundle. Aim of such measure was to avoid monopoly of a particular company. Microsoft believes in protection of its IPR. In actuality, the main attempt of this organization is to protect its commercial interest. Lack of IPR rules in the context of software will erode profitability of this company. By the use of cyber laws, the company is able to reach a monopolistic position. This has contributed to inflated price of software produced by this company. It is interesting to note that the company hired services of professional detectives in Europe to identify people who used unlicensed company products. Microsoft has faced criticism from European countries due to its monopolistic position in the international software market. Lawsuits are filed against this company for discouraging competition from other companies. (Lea 2006) Computer consumers are expected to purchase legal software from designated commercial areas. At the same time, one needs to note that absence of IPR in software would not affect company profitability. This is because it is not possible for individuals to use different free or licensed computer programs. Today, most users depend on Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer. Other products are not used due to compatibility issue as these programs are not compatible with Microsoft products. This shows that even if Microsoft products are not protected by IPR, consumers will continue to use them as they are accustomed to this company product. In the year 2001, the government compromised with Microsoft by structuring IPR in such a way as to protect interest of this company. (Lea 2006) Data shows that 90 percent of computers use Microsoft products including Windows and Internet Explorer. (Lea 2006) This has affected competition in this sector. Consequently, large numbers of people are compelled to buy products from Microsoft. The solution for this problem is that Microsoft should be divided into two sections. One section can deal with legal and licensed software, which can be sold at a particular price, while another section can concentrate on products such as video player, which can be freely downloaded. This implies that government is taking sufficient measures to protect interest of consumers who in the IPR regime tend to buy software at inflated price. Another alternative is to abolish IPR of software so that it becomes equivalent to mathematical formulae or a scientific law, which consumers can use and modify based on their subsequent research. This can encourage creativity and innovation and achieve welfare of a large section of world population. (Lea 2006) Utilitarian and libertarian perspectives show that software patent rights do not achieve social welfare, as they aim to protect interest of companies such as Microsoft. Software patent rights have affected autonomy and freedom of individuals who are not legally allowed to modify computer programs. The government needs to introduce regulations restricting software prices. This can encourage companies to offer free software, which can be modified and redistributed for non commercial use.

Why He Is Not A Man :: essays research papers

Why He is Not a Man In the story â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† by Richard Wright, there is a boy named Dave. Dave is a young boy trying to figure out what a man really is. Right now, he believes that a man is someone who owns a gun. Dave needs proper education about guns and needs the knowledge about what a man really is to be a man. Dave needs to be taught what a man really is because he is not a young man just because he has a gun. Dave is a seventeen-year-old boy who wants a gun. He thinks he is almost a man. He thinks that having a gun will make him a man and give him power. Toughness is a common perception of masculinity. A man is not someone who owns a gun, but someone who has knowledge of behaving like a man and owning a gun like a man. He thinks that only a gun will make him a man instead of his actions dictating his matureness to others. He believes it will instill fear into others around him. When one is a man, others treat him with respect. Dave’s parents talk down to him and treat him like a child, when he is trying to develop into a young respectable man. Dave’s mother says, â€Å"Yuh ain nothing but a boy yit!† in the story, proving that they look down on this seventeen-year-old boy. His mother tells him in the story to go wash his hands before he eats. If Dave was a man, then his mother should never have had to say that. In our society today, when a boy is seventeen years old, he is almost a man or considered a young man. In Dave’s society, he is treated like a young boy. If Dave’s parents saw his point of view on having a gun then they might want to look at why he wants it. At this time, they should tell him that a gun does not make a man. His mother does not think he should have a gun. In actuality, if Dave were a man, then he would have not wanted a gun to obtain power over others, but for pleasure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Dave’s actions, he is like a young boy. A man who owns a gun knows how to shoot a gun and knows the right and wrong time to use a gun, unlike Dave. Why He Is Not A Man :: essays research papers Why He is Not a Man In the story â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† by Richard Wright, there is a boy named Dave. Dave is a young boy trying to figure out what a man really is. Right now, he believes that a man is someone who owns a gun. Dave needs proper education about guns and needs the knowledge about what a man really is to be a man. Dave needs to be taught what a man really is because he is not a young man just because he has a gun. Dave is a seventeen-year-old boy who wants a gun. He thinks he is almost a man. He thinks that having a gun will make him a man and give him power. Toughness is a common perception of masculinity. A man is not someone who owns a gun, but someone who has knowledge of behaving like a man and owning a gun like a man. He thinks that only a gun will make him a man instead of his actions dictating his matureness to others. He believes it will instill fear into others around him. When one is a man, others treat him with respect. Dave’s parents talk down to him and treat him like a child, when he is trying to develop into a young respectable man. Dave’s mother says, â€Å"Yuh ain nothing but a boy yit!† in the story, proving that they look down on this seventeen-year-old boy. His mother tells him in the story to go wash his hands before he eats. If Dave was a man, then his mother should never have had to say that. In our society today, when a boy is seventeen years old, he is almost a man or considered a young man. In Dave’s society, he is treated like a young boy. If Dave’s parents saw his point of view on having a gun then they might want to look at why he wants it. At this time, they should tell him that a gun does not make a man. His mother does not think he should have a gun. In actuality, if Dave were a man, then he would have not wanted a gun to obtain power over others, but for pleasure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Dave’s actions, he is like a young boy. A man who owns a gun knows how to shoot a gun and knows the right and wrong time to use a gun, unlike Dave.

Raymond’s Run: POV change of Hazel Essay

Raymond’s Run is a story written by Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that take place in the life of a skinny girl named Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky voice (which gives her the nickname â€Å"Squeaky†) that has passion to run. In this story Hazel changes her views about things a lot in this story. Such as her POV on Raymond, Gretchen and others in general/ Raymond suffers a metal disease. He’s bigger and older than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazel’s little brother because he needs to be looked after. â€Å"Squeaky† often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an eye on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking he’s a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air. Hazel used to thing She hates a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimore because Gretchen’s a rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes â€Å"she’s tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to win many trophies, ribbons and it’s because of her velocity.† She says in this story. Every time just before she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the kind you have when you’ve fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, touching the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the fields.

Education Is Life Iself

EDUCATION IS LIFE ITSELF Once John Dewey said, â€Å"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. † It is quite difficult, even impossible to contend for the statement. We should clearly understand that education is a long process which lasts for the whole life. More than that life is the best teacher we might ever have. In other words, we can denote that we live educating ourselves and educate ourselves for living. First of all, it is interesting to note that the notions â€Å"education† and â€Å"life† can be regarded as identical ones. The matter is that speaking about education we keep in mind that it is not just a period of life but a lifelong process of learning. As Albert Einstein once noticed, â€Å"Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at growth. † Keeping to the point it should be also mentioned that education can be given and taken anywhere – at school, university or home. It doesn’t matter. However, there is no better teacher than life itself. Nobody can dispute it. People learn much deeper and more effectively through their own actions and mistakes. Life motivates, directs, controls and evaluates us. Life teaches us. What is more important, life is always fair towards us. That is why we consider life to be the best teacher. To sum up, it should be said that every person has his own attitude towards education. For some people education seems to be an obligation, even a burden, for others it is the meaning of life, for the rest it can be a means to achieve some higher goals†¦ but there is no doubt, education is the most powerful tool that has a certain impact on our lives. The other question is how to use this tool. Nukhayeva Kamila

Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements The WritePass Journal

Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements INTRODUCTION Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements INTRODUCTIONTHE MAIN PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH REVENUE RECOGNITIONVIEWS TAKEN BY THE TWO BOARDSREASONED CRITIQUE OF THEIR THINKINGCONCLUSION Related INTRODUCTION Income statements are of crucial importance to users of financial statements, particularly investors. It is vital that revenues are properly recognized when preparing income statements to give a fair view of profitability of the associated company/firm. Thus investors are not misled while making decisions and undertaking risks involved with the concerned company. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) joint project tries to remedy such problems, by eliminating inconsistencies and developing coherent conceptual guidance for revenue recognition. Both boards consist of professional accountants that aim to develop high quality/understandable accounting standards and principles to ensure a more accurate and consistent reporting. The IASB deals with the development, promotion and application of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The FASB develops generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the interest of the public. Moving on, the main concerns of this report are problems involved in revenue recognition, views taken by the two boards and a reasoned thinking of their critique. THE MAIN PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH REVENUE RECOGNITION When it comes to revenue recognition transactions that begin and are completed in the same time period, cause considerably few problems. Real obstacles arise when customers prefer paying later on than when receiving the product or in cases where supplier might provide the promised good over several reporting periods. This earning process approach has led to problems for financial statements’ users and problems with GAAP and IFRSs. Building on the earnings approach, too many standards evolving revenue recognition has been formed by GAAP. The application of some of those standards by entities can produce inconsistencies for economically similar purposes. This can be a result of lacking a clearly identified earning process as well as people’s disagreements on how it applies in certain occasions. For instance think of a service provider that requires customers to pay an upfront fee plus monthly charges. In accordance with the SEC SAB 104, the provider does not account for the service as a separate earnings process and therefore does not recognize revenue for activation fees when the activation services are rendered. The fact that entities apply different earning process approaches to economically similar transactions reduces the comparability of revenue across entities and industries. In addition by applying revenue recognition standards designed by IFRS one can clearly observe that amounts in the financial statements might not correctly correspond to real economic phenomena. The underlying skepticism of this assumption is that revenue recognition of a product/service sale largely depends on when the rewards as well as risks associated with them are transferred from the owner to the client. Considering the IAS 18, circumstances can get even worse when goods and services are interrelated with the good transaction thus the entity views the transaction as a whole. Such circumstances involve recognizing all the revenue on the delivery of the good before the entity has fulfilled all of its obligations for the services like warranty. As a result revenue does not represent the delivery of all goods and services as stated in the contract. Additionally, IFRS lacks guidance on transactions involving delivery of more than one good or service also known as multiple element arrangement. IAS 18 does not clearly state whether an entity should recognize all the revenue for a multiple element arrangement by the time the first element is distributed or until the last element is distributed. IFRS also lacks guidance on how to measure the elements in a multiple element arrangement. According to IFRS another problem is created with revenue recognition because of the application of different approaches by entities when accounting for goods and services. Without any clear division between goods and services some entities undertaking service contracts were recognizing revenue throughout the service process. Some others though contracting for goods tended to recognize revenue by the time that risks and rewards related to the product were transferred to customer. Such gaps in guidance could be eliminated with the existence of clear principles; but principles of IAS 11 and IAS 18 are inconsistent. The first principle implies that revenue should be recognized while the activity of the contract still takes place and the customer does not have the risks and rewards of owning the product. On the contrary IAS 18 principle states that revenue should be recognized when the customer controls and undertakes risks and rewards of the ownership of the product. VIEWS TAKEN BY THE TWO BOARDS According to the board’s last meeting IASB and FASB discussed about 6 major topics involving revenue recognition. The first one involves identification of separate performance obligations. Under this topic the boards have decided that an entity should account for a collection of goods and services as one performance obligation in cases where the entity provides a service combining both goods and services into a single item. Conversely an entity should account for goods and services as different performance obligations when: the good or service is sold apart or when the client can use a good/service individually or with existing resources available to the customer and when the pattern of transferring the good or service is diverse from the pattern of transferring other goods and services in the contract. The second one is about combining contracts. The boards decided that two or more contracts that are placed at closely related times with the same customers can be merged and accounted as one when contracts are offered as a package, when the amount of consideration of a contract depends on the other and when the design, technology and function of goods and services are interconnected. The next topic involves contract modifications. The boards concluded that if a contract is modified in such a way that it results to a separate performance obligation with a price matching the obligation, the entity should regard the contract as a separate one. Otherwise, the performance obligation should be reconsidered and the transaction price of each separate performance obligation should be reallocated. Moving on the next topic engages the breakage and prepayments of future goods and services. The boards decided that where it would be reasonable for the entity to estimate the amount of expected breakage, the effects should be recognized as revenue along with the rights exercised by the customer. Another discussed topic is burdensome performance obligations. The boards decided that in order to find out whether the performance obligations are heavy there should be a test, the onerous test which will be defined by the remaining obligations of the contract. Finally the last topic includes revenue recognition for services. The Boards concluded that in order to recognize the revenue of a service the entity must go through two steps; first it must determine that a performance obligation is assured continuously and secondly it must then choose a method of measuring progress in order to completely satisfy that performance obligation. The Boards have furthered their discussions into issues which arise when an entity uses an input method for the measurement progress to complete satisfaction of a performance obligation. The entity, in some instances will only obtain goods which are transferred at another time from related services. In such cases, the Boards decided that the entity should measure the progress for the transfer of such goods should be equal to the costs of the transferred goods. REASONED CRITIQUE OF THEIR THINKING The technical director of Shumate Mechanical, LLC strongly supports that segmented performance obligation approach will increase costs and result in unclear accounting information. This is due to changes of revenue from period to period, violation of costs and revenue matching principles, lack of clear information making it difficult to understand performance to total product and uninformed transfer of revenue to performance obligations. The application of this model of revenue recognition according to the construction industry will lead to more inconsistencies, unreliable financial information as well as difficulties in their preparation. Furthermore under the agreement where a service provider transfers services to a customer, the proposed standard revenue is recognized by the time services are provided, depending on the provider’s estimation on progress of the performance obligation. Thus revenue cost is recognized as it occurs. David P.Bohn, partner of LARSON, LUDWIG and STROKES LLP, correctly mentions that the proposed standard does not set any requirements that the recognized percentage of total revenue matches the recognized percentage of total cost of revenue, which some service providers would prefer to maintain. Recognizing different percentages of revenue would lead to misrepresentation of gross margin. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu finds the principle of combining two or more contracts really useful. But some concerns still exist according to the guidance around price interdependence which seems confusing. As mentioned in FASB and IASB’s exposure draft an entity should combine two or more contracts if the price of goods and services bought in a contract is dependent on the price of goods and services of another contract. Moving on it also states that in cases where a customer can benefit from discount on goods and services due to existing customer relationship mostly arrived from other purchases, then the price of the contract is not said to be interrelated with the price of another contract. These two paragraphs seem to contradict to each other. Therefore entities with similar types of revenue streams will arise. PricewaterhouseCoopers agree with board’s proposal that an entity should identify performance obligations differently in case that goods and services are distinctive. But they mention that it requires judgment and may be difficult to determine. Incomplete guidance is also given on identifying different performance obligations. Moreover they report that the boards omit distinct profit margin. Finally based on the exposure draft all performance obligations are identified first and separated into distinct performance obligations at a later stage making it difficult to reflect the economics of transactions. CONCLUSION Revenue recognition is a great issue and one can say that it might be unsolved. Because of many inconsistencies associated with it, FASB and IASB together have tried through their joint project to eliminate such inconsistencies. All the users of this standard have now come to criticize some of its principles even though they might be satisfied with the majority of other principles stated. There are still others that continue to believe that a lot of inconsistencies and omissions still exist. Some believe if the existing work done by the boards is furthered developed and modified through the publication of a comprehensive standard on revenue recognition, a clear and robust standard on revenue recognition can be formed.